Knowledge and Awareness of HIV/AIDS among Women in India

Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Women of reproductive age in a district of Northern India Introduction This paper is a review of the article titled Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Women of reproductive age in a district of Northern India. Article clearly identifies the low HIV/AIDS awareness and knowledge among women of reproductive age. Researcher is motivated to reduce the number of cases and prevalence of infectious disease through awareness. While introducing the article, researcher lacked in explaining how young women are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection than young men. This could create a false impression in readers mind that without any evidence the researcher provided the conclusion that women are more Vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Researcher stated in the article that early marriage also poses special risks to young people, particularly women (Singh, 2012) but did not elaborate or provided any evidence to support this statement. Perhaps the lack of evidence and research could be considered the rationale, more information would have been helpful to justi fying these statements. Purpose Statement The purpose discussed in the research study is clear and indicative of what the research hopes to cover. The research study is about assessing HIV/AIDS awareness and knowledge among women in reproductive age group between 15-45 years and its mode of transmission in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. TheShow MoreRelatedessay on hiv-aids1669 Words   |  7 Pages2000 words essay on: HIV-AIDS AIDS, The full form is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus). It is a condition in which the built in defence system of the body breaks down completely. This phenomenon is gradual but ultimately leads to total depletion of a very important cell component of the immune mechanism. Thus those who are affected are unable to combat with common diseases including even mildRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Hiv And Aids2293 Words   |  10 PagesOverview of HIV Disease in India India has the third largest population of people living with HIV, behind Nigeria (second largest) and South Africa (largest population) (â€Å"India has 3rd Highest Number of HIV Infections,† 2014). There are approximately 2,100,000 [1,700,000 - 2,700,000] people living with HIV in India and there is a prevalence rate of 0.3% [0.2% - 0.3%] for adults aged 15 to 49 (â€Å"HIV and AIDS Estimates in 2013,† 2013). 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Sex is still considered a taboo in India. Parents feel embarrassed to talk openly with their children in this regard. Due to the ignorance of sex education they fall victim to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Many NGOs are trying to create awareness on AIDS. Sex education can help people to take decisionsRead MoreAttitude Towards Sex Education Among Adoloscents in Delhi6424 Words   |  26 PagesIndustrial Relations, XLRI School of Business and Human Resources Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India Abstract Purpose - The purpose of the study is two-fold. First, it tries to investigate the effect of attitude adolescents posses towards sex and sex education on their level of sex awareness. Also, it tries to establish whether gender is a moderator of the relationship between adolescents‟ attitude and sex awareness. Design/Methodology/Approach - A questionnaire was given to the students of schools andRead MoreHiv Prevalence And High Risk Groups2462 Words   |  10 PagesID NO-140784141 HIV IN INDIA Introduction-Prevalence High Risk Groups India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2013, HIV prevalence in India was an estimated 0.3 percent. Overall, India’s HIV epidemic is slowing down, with a 57% decline in new HIV infections 29% percent decline in AIDS-related deaths between 2007 and 2011.(1) HIV prevalence in India varies geographically. The four states with the highest numbers of people living with HIV (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, MaharashtraRead MoreHiv / Aids As A Pandemic For Global Health2101 Words   |  9 Pagesthe first twelve months of these reports, the disease sprung up among particular people groups such as homosexual men, patients with hemophilia, intravenous drug users and blood-transfusion recipients. Shortly after, an epidemic of AIDS emerged in Central Africa, particularly affecting women. Little was it known at that time that these small handful of cases would eventually multiply into the tens of millions of cases that makes HIV/AIDS one of the greatest epidemics in the modern history of globalRead MoreThe Knowledge Level Of Adolescent Girls About Reproductive Health Issues1597 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch questions for this study include the following:†¢What is the knowledge level of adolescent girls about reproductive health issues generally?â € ¢ What is their level of awareness concerning the existence of family planning services?†¢ Is there a link between the knowledge level of adolescent girls about reproductive health issues and the incidence of unsafe induced abortion?†¢ Is there a connection between their level of awareness about family planning services and their usage of these services?†¢Is

Physical and Chemical Changes - 1253 Words

Title: Physical and Chemical Changes Purpose: Recognize and distinguish between chemical and physical changes Apparatus and Material: evaporating dish, Bunsen burner, wood splint, test tubes, micro spatula, dropper, mortar and pestle, test tube holder, safety goggles, lab apron. Piece of paper, NaCl (sodium chloride), water, 6 M HCL (hydrochloric acid), 0.1 M AgNO3 (silver nitrate), Mg ribbon, 6 M HCL (hydrochloric acid), CuSO4 5 H2O, 0.50g iron fillings, 0.50g of powdered sulfur, magnet, copper sulfate solution, zinc metal Safety: When heating a substance in a test tube, be sure the open end of the test tube points away from yourself and others. Handle all acids with extra caution. Always wear safety goggles when handling acids.†¦show more content†¦Heated crystals change color from blue to white; water vapor forms on the walls of the test tube. Addition of water turns the heated crystals from white back to dark-blue, almost teal color. 5. Sulfur appears as yellow powder; iron is dark-brown powder; mixed together, they look like dirt. Iron becomes attracted to the magnet, following it if it’s close enough; sulfur does not. Magnet can be used to separate the two mixtures. 6. On heating the iron-sulfur mixture, the sulfur melts and reacts with the iron exothermically to first evaporate into a yellow gas, then form a reddish-orange, solidified substance that â€Å"glows†. The substance releases an unpleasant odor of rotten eggs. The iron on the bottom turns black and does not react with a magnet. The glowing substance turns out to be a soft solid when probed. 7. Zinc is a silver solid with a light mass. Addition of zinc metal to copper sulfate solution results in an exothermic reaction that produces a brown-reddish precipitate (copper). Zinc becomes coated with the copper precipitate, thus becoming dark. Conclusions and data: 1. a) tearing paper – physical change; retaining of properties, no new substances created b) burning paper – chemical change, gas and heat given off (evidence of chemical reaction) c) dissolving NaCl – physical change; solution formed, but individual properties retained; separation possible by distillation. d) mixing NaCl and AgNO3 - chemical change; white precipitate, orShow MoreRelatedPhysical and Chemical Changes Essay758 Words   |  4 PagesShelby Brown 8/28/10 Physical and chemical changes lab essay Changes in matter occur every day. There are two types of ways matter can be altered; physically and chemically. Physical changes do not change the composition of the matter while chemical changes occur when one or more substances turn into a completely new substance. Physical changes can be seen through an altering of the substances physical property. A substances physical property is observed and measured without changingRead MorePhysical and Chemical Change Lab1321 Words   |  6 PagesPatrick Kelly 10/16/12 Physical and Chemical Changes Lab Question: How do you distinguish a physical and chemical change? Hypothesis: If we use these materials and use magnets, water, burners, and filters on the mixtures and elements given we should determine what kind of effect these materials given will have on these mixtures and elements, physical or chemical. Procedures: -Part A: Record all observations of Part A in Data Table 1 1. Label each substance on seven pieces of paperRead MorePhysical and Chemical Changes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical and Chemical Changes Say you are presented with two beakers, beaker A and beaker B, each containing a white, powdery compound. * a. From your initial observations, you suspect that the two beakers contain the same compound. Describe, in general terms, some experiments in a laboratory that you could do to help prove or disprove that the beakers contain the same compound. You may try some of the followings: * Dissolving in water * Dissolving in different chemical solution Read MoreNuclear Chemical And Physical Changes1760 Words   |  8 PagesNuclear chemistry is the study of the chemical and physical changes in the nucleus of an atom. The field of nuclear chemistry deals with radioactive elements such as radium, radon and the whole actinides series and the equipment to deal with such elements; such as nuclear reactors. However the subject itself varies because it deals with the scientific areas such as physics, biology, geology and chemistry. Nuclear chemistry has help us discover more about the nucleus and has provided advances in medicineRead MoreChemical vs Physical Change Lab1753 Words   |  8 PagesChemical Changes VS Physical Changes Lab Report (Full Name) 3rd period Purpose: To observe the difference between chemical and physical changes. Materials: * * Hot plate * Water * Salt * Evaporating dish * Candle * Matches * Ammonium hydroxide * Watch glass * Phenolphthalein * Paper towel * Cornstarch * Iodine * Cup * Alka-Seltzer tablet * Pipet * Milk * Vinegar * Copper II sulfate * Lead II nitrate Safety: Read MoreInvestigating The Chemical And Physical Changes Throughout The Experiment1435 Words   |  6 PagesProblem: The purpose of this particular lab was to experiment and identify the chemical and physical changes throughout the experiment. Material: Refer to Science Activity 8.1 – Evidence of Reactions Worksheet Procedure: Refer to Science Activity 8.1 – Evidence of Reactions Worksheet, page #1-6 Observations: Original Temperature of H2O (Water): Using a thermometer we observed the measurement of the water â€Å"H2O† in the beaker, and it resulted in an initial temperature of 20 ⠁ ° C. CuCl2 (CopperRead MorePhysical and Chemical Changes Chemistry Lab Report839 Words   |  4 Pagesof this experiment is to differentiate between a physical change and a chemical change. A physical change includes a change in the material without affecting its composition, such as the physical state change. However, a chemical change includes the change in the composition of the substance. The change in color, formation of a gas or a solid product, and the production of energy are the evidences of a chemical reaction, thus, of a chemical change. â€Æ' Materials Crucible tongs EvaporatingRead MorePhysical And Chemical Changes Of Hair, Skin, And Nails Essay2181 Words   |  9 Pagesour sincere desire to help you grow professionally. Physical and Chemical Changes As you work in the salon, you will create both physical and chemical changes in hair, skin, and nails as you service your clients. For this reason, it is imperative that you understand the differences between a physical change and a chemical change. A physical change occurs when a substance undergoes a change in form or physical properties without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance. For exampleRead MoreLAB 4 Observations of Chemical and Physical Change Part 1820 Words   |  5 PagesObservations of Chemical and Physical Change PART 1 – OBSERVATIONS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE No credit will be given for this lab report if the Data section is not completely filled out and if the required photographs are not received. At least one photograph must show the student’s face. OBJECTIVES 1. Observe physical and chemical changes. 2. Define physical and chemical change. 3. Identify the relationship between a chemical change and a chemical reaction. 4. Observe several indicators of a chemical reactionRead More Changes in Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties Caused by Artificial Drainage of Wetlands1899 Words   |  8 PagesChanges in Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties Caused by Artificial Drainage of Wetlands Wetland soils are extremely varied. They are found from the tropics to the subarctic. They can be seasonal or year-round, freshwater or saltwater, organic or mineral. The one thing that all of them have in common is that for at least part of the year they are saturated with water. This saturation has a significant impact on the soils physics, chemistry, and biota. However, over the past century

Spirituality Meaning of Being Human

Question: Complete the following chart in the context of defining what it means to be human according to Christianity, Materialism, and your own Personal View? Answer: Meaning of being human Christianity According to Bible humans are not only the highest of the act of God but they are created as likeness or as image of God. According to Christianity, human being possesses self conscious rationality and they can make moral choices. People are subjected to various limitations of time and space and they know what is best. But the minds of the human beings are weakened by sin. It has affected their body as well. Christianity views all life as sacred and they are precious. All aspects of the human person are affected by sexuality in achieving the unity with the body and the soul. Both the man and the woman should identify their sexual identity. The term sacred shows the conviction and determines the Christian attitude towards the nature and the human beings. Human beings are part of the lifecycle of the planet. They tend to depend on the bio system of the earth. Death has been defined as the separation of the immortal soul from the mortal body. According to Bible eternal life is for those who serve God with all hearts (Ministry Magazine, 2015). Materialism Materialism aspect holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature and all mental phenomena and consciousness are a result of the material interactions. According to this aspect, the human beings are capable of shaping their own nature (Materialism the psychological theory of persons, 2015). Marx has criticized the traditional concept which compares the nature of the human beings with species which reincarnates itself in each individual. The dramatic aspect of secuality is denied by materialism .According to the materialist approach there is no life after death. (Marxists.org, 2015). Personal view It can be said that human beings comprises of the spiritual sphere and there is a sphere of mind with a body. Man is aware of himself as a social being. He not only lives for himself but he also lives for other people. They are social beings. The various circumstances and experiences in their life shape their character. The activities of the human beings are embodied in their material culture. The human beings are the highest form of development of all the living organisms existing on earth. The sexual aspect of the human beings is fully biological. They is rational beings. Human beings are not immortal and there is no life after death. References Marxists.org, (2015).On the Human Being and Being Human. [online] Available at: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/spirkin/works/dialectical-materialism/ch05.html [Accessed 22 Feb. 2015]. Materialism the psychological theory of persons. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~jspeaks/courses/2009-10/10100/LECTURES/17-materialism-psychological.pdf [Accessed 22 Feb. 2015]. Ministry Magazine, (2015).The Christian view of human life - Ministry Magazine. [online] Available at: https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1991/08/the-christian-view-of-human-life [Accessed 22 Feb. 2015].

Word Tip of the Week Add Another Language to Spell Check - The Writers For Hire

WORD TIP OF THE WEEK: ADD ANOTHER LANGUAGE TO SPELL CHECK Are you tired of Word giving you a long errors list because you use languages other than English in your writing? If you’re a science writer who uses a lot of Latin words, or anyone else who uses dual languages in your writing, then you can speed up the spell-checking process with the Languages feature. This feature allows you to add languages to your spell checker so that a) those languages don’t come up as errors, and b) Word will make sure you get the spelling right. To tweak the languages in Word: 1. Go to File - Options 2. When the dialogue box opens, click on Language 3. Under Choose Editing Languages, use the drop-down menu to choose a language you want to add. Click Add. 4. Repeat as necessary to add more languages. Click OK. Now your spell checker is finally multilingual! Looking for more ways to maximize Microsoft Word? Stay tuned for more word tips of the week.

Seed Lab Report Essays

Seed Lab Report Essays Seed Lab Report Essay Seed Lab Report Essay The pH level of something is its measure of acidity or how basic it is, solutions with a pH of less than 7 are said to be acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are said to be basic. The tap water that was used to water our beans had a pH of 6. In this lab, we studied the process of germination (the process by which a plant grows from a seed). Certain environmental factors can cause or stop a seeds germination, and these factors include, but are not limited to, the mount of water, the amount of oxygen, the temperature or the amount of light the seed gets. There are steps that vary in germination, what first happens is the seeds radical comes out and then the roots also come out. The next step is the embryonic shoot that includes the seed leaves. The rate of germination depends on the species of plant being grown and its environmental factors. In the experiment, students studied the germination of blue lake bush beans in different pH levels including pH 5, pH 6 (tap water), and pH 8. They recorded the germination percentages and found the average Engel of the radical daily. The independent variable is the different pH levels and the dependent variable is the percent germination. This lab was completed so that the student can see the process of germination and have a better understanding of the concept. The student can also understand how the pH is crucial to the plants survival and how the pH affects the plant. Materials Three plastic cups Paper towels Pipette phi solution phi solution phi (tap water) -control Plastic bags 30 Blue Lake Bush beans Ruler Beaker Graduated cylinder Proceed rest 1 . Select three plastic cups for each of the three groups, one control group of pH 6 tap water and the 2 experimental groups of phi and phi water 2. Put 10 seeds in each of the plastic cups 3. Pour mol of the selected water into the cup with seeds in it. 4. Put label of what group the liquid is on the plastic cup. 5. Make observations of the seeds on day one. 6. On day two get three paper towels, one for each group of seeds. 7. Fold the towels so they will fit in Copilot bags comfortably. 8. Distribute seeds and selected liquid on to the paper towel evenly. 9. Transfer the label of what group the water is from the cup to the Copilot bag. 10. Check for germination of seeds and write percent germination in observations. 1 1 . Write descriptive data in observations 12. Rinse cups, place on drying rack. 13. Put the paper towel with seeds into to Copilot and close it. 14. Clean area and wash hands. 15. Next day check for percent of germination and record data in observations. 16. Change paper towels out for new ones, spread seeds out evenly again on new towels 17. Add correct solution of liquid to new paper towels. 18. Record data of any radical growth in observations.

The Unfortunate Dys

The Unfortunate Dys The Unfortunate Dys The Unfortunate Dys By Sharon The prefix dys- derives from the Greek and has a number of unfavourable meanings. In Greek, using this prefix denoted the opposite of anything that was easy, favourable or fortunate, according to the Oxford Dictionary of Etymology. Connotations include: impaired, defective, difficult, slow, wrong, ill, harsh, disordered and bad. There are a number of common words which use this prefix: dyscalculia: difficulty in solving mathematical problems dysentery: an intestinal disorder dysfunction: abnormal or impaired function; hence, dysfunctional dysgraphia: inability to write correctly because of impairment in brain function dyskinesia: impairment of the the ability to make voluntary movements dyslexia: difficulty with processing written language, resulting in reading and spelling difficulties A longer list is available on the WordQuests site. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past Form10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

Gender Development in the Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Development in the Family - Essay Example This portrayal of boys and girls in television commercials and cartoons is expected to create more dominant males and submissive females. Boys will see masculinity as being rational, efficient, competitive, and ruthless while girls will be imbued with femininity by being compliant, emotional, and cooperative (Chandler 5). It should also be noted that commercials and cartoons portray these characteristics as â€Å"natural.† 2.  W hat negative or positive implications do current gender images have for families and our society?   Stereotypes generally create a double standard in the society (Double Standard 3). Current gender images promote discrimination and injustice by making people judged by what they are instead of what they do. In our present society, men are often given more career opportunities than women. An extreme example of double standard is the slut/stud, where a man who slept with ten women is generally envied and highly regarded by his peers while a woman did the same will become an object of disgust.   3.  How do different family ideologies influence goals that a family system might have regarding gender roles?   Family ideologies have huge implications on shaping gender roles. More conservative families tend to favor the more traditional and conventional values. In this type of ideology, girls are raised to be demure, gentle, sensitive, submissive, and dependent while boys are raised to be active, aggressive, and independent. Traditional families also favor male dominance.

Cathedral Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cathedral - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the blind man had a purpose to draw the cathedral. He was trying to inspire the husband with his enthusiasm to complete a task. For the blind the cathedral was of two views; one, as an abandoned relic and the other, as a beautiful building of affectionate people. His perspectives of the two views were the two different conditions of his lonely life; one is his home, and the other he imagines the homely atmosphere that he like to live in. For him, the cathedral is the symbolic presentation of his present status. The drawing ultimately presents the two characters as the viewers of the same thing from different angles. 2. The drawing brings all the change to the man; he learns the way he should understand how others feel and observe things around them. When the drawing begins, he was sure he couldn’t finish it and the fear that he was not good at drawing pulls him back from his attempt. It can be considered as his real insider, a man willing to identify his own potential only with the stimulation of external pressure. The entry of the blind old man was not a happy concept for him, for he considered the person as his wife’s old friend and now a guest only to her. However, the presence of the old man was pleasing enough to draws his attention and the husband learns to behave towards the uncommon abilities of people. His wife is influential to his attitudes, and with her continuous urges, he starts the ways to talk to a blind man for the first time. He learns the way a blind person lived and realizes that physical challenges are no constraints to man’s insight and determination. I would like to consider that, the husband will surely learn to adapt himself to changing conditions in his life and workplace and respect other people’s opinion, considering the fact that people are always beyond his judgments. I strongly believe that the visit of the blind man will

Use of Disguise in British Literature Essay Example for Free

Use of Disguise in British Literature Essay British literature from the bygone days of Anglo Saxon towards the most confound present era encompasses different periods with its own generation of versatile writers. Anglo-Saxon literature is deemed to be the oldest among the vernacular literatures of modern Europe with the result its relationship with the Latin period was very close. Its life ranged from the 5th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066 with several works of great religious importance and epics to its credit. The literary works of fiction whether ‘Beowulf’ or ‘Life of St Eugenia’ present the literature with the religious fervor but an ample of the privileges of rights and duties cherished by the contemporary society. These thematic elements were sought by its most special features and styles in which they were written but more than that, they were cherished, woven and beautified by the use of disguise for e. g. in the ‘Life of St. Eugenia’, much before violence and act of martyrdom takes place, the saint disguises herself as a man to join Christian missionaries against the wishes of her parents. This male disguise gives protection to the virgin not only from her family but also from everyone who wants to remove her from the monastery and the male monks. As said by Horner, â€Å"The dramatic tensions produced by this disguise once again exemplify the tensions between literal and spiritual reading practices, as the life acts out the struggle between the interiority and exteriority, which is the hallmark of the Elfrics corporeal hermeneutics. † (Horner, 156) Written around 800 C. E, ‘Beowulf’ reveals the tale of King Hrothgar, who has established his own kingdom but is now thwarted by the continuous attacks from the hideous monster Grendel. Grendel, a descendent of the biblical Cain has been unleashing warfare with Hrothgar’s thanes for twelve years, and remains untouched by their appeals to leave them. Soon after words, Beowulf, a warrior from the Geatland kills Grendel and his mother and later a dragon that besieges Beowulf’s home Geatland. In a much profound Grendel, ‘disguise’ is used as a manifestation of the self and character of Grendel who is divided between the two worlds: firstly in the world of poetry and secondly the world of humans, but never is able to devoid himself from his monstrous attitude. When once a Shaper, a poet gives shape to the worldview of Danes with his evocative poetry and music, Grendel gets attracted towards this heroic ode and decides to join humans but is rejected. He feels himself on the verge of solipsism and when Grendel meets the dragon, the hope for attainment of human vision is darkened by his nihilistic affinity. Grendel becomes destroyer and takes to assault, but when he moves towards the end of his life, he has to tackle with the meaning. Hrothgar withstands repeated attacks of Grendel and becomes nobler. In between the two traits of human and beast, Grendel becomes more of a beast, but with a sense of pity towards him as he is himself a tormented soul between his own beastly world and the world of humans who themselves are turned into beasts. Tormented by the human ways, he disguises himself and reaches Herot, which is the golden guest hall, and slaughters thirty men. Similar sorry and pain is witnessed by Queen Wealhtheow who tries to hide her wails in disguise while being a wife of Horthgar. From her heart, she despises Hrothgar yet she disguises herself as dutiful and loyal wife always addressing him as ‘my Lord’. Unferth, who is also a great soldier had killed his brothers years ago but now desperately wants to be a hero and when Grendel knows about it, he teases him by saving him inspite of killing all the other soldiers. Unferth feeling ashamed disguises himself so that he gets killed by the soldiers while fighting along with Grendel. It is a human tendency to hide their wails behind several disguises, wearing a mask of happiness and solitude on their face beckoning this greatest work of epic to reveal this trait of human beings in the portrayal of Grendel, Unferth and Queen Wealhtheow. (Staver, 190) ‘Disguise’ in the variegated forms can be found most profoundly during middle age. Between the years 1340 to 1400 was the period of transition from the medieval showing sparks of modernity yet it was typically medieval people borne with the superstitious and chivalric attitude, religious mind and backwardness. In fact the age of Chaucer was not stagnant: it was inching it way steadily and surely to the dawn of the Renaissance and the reformation. It was an age of restlessness amid the ferment of new life that Chaucer lived and wrote. Old things and new appeared side by side upon his pages and in his poetry, we can study the essential spirit of both the ages, one that was passing, and other that was to come. In this period, on one hand people clutched their traditional ways yet at the same time tried to hold whatever was modern. They wore the mask of modernity yet found incapable to release their traditional ways. (Simpson, 224) ‘Disguise’ in the Chaucer’s ‘Canterbury Tales’ is a means to embody the attitudes of common man as well as knights. ‘Tales of Knight’ shows that to fulfill their desires, knights can go the extreme extent of disguising themselves and enter into their own enemy’s quarters. In one of the tales, two knights are seen fighting over the same woman, which in the end shows how they believe and truly cherishes their chivalric code. Chaucer wanted to show how a knight who ventured into the far away place had an ardent love for chivalry, truth and honor. He wanted to let the other people know what really were honesty, truth, virtue, liberty and courtesy for a knight. The knight proves his point through the story of Arcite and Palamon. From the onset, it appears that they would reveal what exactly the code of chivalry is for them but at many occasions their actions would go against the traditional concept of the chivalric code. Imprisoned behind the bars of King Theseus, they both get attracted by the beauty of Emily, sister-in-law of King Theseus and behind the bars argue with each other to possess this most beautiful woman. But soon they realize it is such an obtrusive act on their part to cry for the woman they cannot even think of attaining, as they have to remain behind bars throughout their lives. After a period, a duke named Perotheus, who is a friend both of Theseus and Arcite petitions for Arcite’s freedom, Theseus agrees to the same yet on the terms that Arcite would be banished forever from Athens. How can he be happy with this new freedom, as he gets jealous of Palamon who despite behind the bars can at least see Emily every day from behind his tower? But Palamon too becomes depressed all the more as now he thinks Arcite would make use of Army to have Emily. Here Arcite does not bring army but using a disguise of a servant returns back to Athens to get closer to Emily. Here the role of disguise comes in. People of that era would disguise themselves to attain whatever they want. Meanwhile Palamon too escapes from the prison and comes to know about Arcite designs, as he hears him singing in the woods in praise of Emily. He comes face to face with Arcite and both ensnare to have a fight. But Theseus intervenes and Palamon tells whole reality to him. Theseus invites both of them on a sportive spree- to fight with each other in front of spectators with equal number of warriors to back them and who so ever is victorious would have Emily’s hand. In the battle, Arcite is able to subdue Palamon but does not kill him, as his chivalric code never permits him to do so. But when Arcite rides towards Theseus to lay claim for Emily’s hand, his own horse throws him off crushing him to death. As he dies, Theseus’ men take Arcite to bed, where doctors make every effort to heal him and on the death bed, he tells Emily what she should do, and he says, â€Å"With my cousin Palamon here I have had strife and rancor for much past time, for the love of you, and for my jealousy†¦. And if you are ever to be a wife, forget not Palamon, the noble man. † (Chaucer Nicolson, 69) In the end, he shows his chivalric code and code of honor to display his love for them. In yet another tale from ‘Canterbury Tales’, ‘disguise’ is used for deception but to reveal values of a wife and her devotion and loyalty towards her husband. Once Marquis of Saluzzo, Italy lured by the beauty and virtue of a poor girl, Griselde, marries her, but with a condition she would always obey him and do whatever he asks her to do. When their first child is borne, Walter decides to test his wife for her loyalty. He straightforwardly tells her, as the rest of the nobility does not accept her so her daughter must die. As bound by the duty as a wife, Griselde accepts. Walter does the same when their son is borne, still Griselde does not oppose. He then plans another test by arranging fictitious order sent from Rome especially for him stating he should give divorce to his wife with immediate effect, despite the fact that his subjects have begun to hate him for killing his children, he goes on with his plans. Meanwhile he orders his children back with great pomp and show but still without revealing truth about them. In fact, he goes to the extent of declaring his marriage with the girl who happens to be his daughter. He returns the dowry to Griselde and makes adequate arrangements to send her back home. Again she accepts her fate without repenting. All the people follow her lamenting to see her condition. When both the children reach palace, he orders Griselde to arrange his marriage with their daughter, again Griselde accepts without questioning. He even declares his new bride to be treated better than his previous wife. Again when he sees there is no grudge on the face of Griselde, he kisses her and reveals the whole truth to live happily ever after. During the medieval period, ‘disguises’ were the most important armaments for the men and women of great disposition who used them to accomplish their mission or solve their purpose. The use of disguise then passed on to the fictitious world of great literary Elizabethan era 1558–1603 with great flavor. In almost all the works of fiction, be it poetry, play, prose or a novel, writers made use of characters in one context or the other disguised themselves in a pursuit of their goals. At the time Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, women began to get their voice in literature. As a woman and performing men’s job, Queen had to adopt different personalities; when she needed strength to overpower her feministic ways, she adopted her father’s strength and at the time when she was going to get married, she behaved like the most elegant maiden. Her attitude to adopt different persona and the way she used disguise to achieve her ends was an example for others to follow. She was a motivation and a sparkling work of creation of God in the eyes of writers of her contemporary era. Disguise was most important to protect her vulnerability but Shakespeare was less overt, yet his plays had women having three-dimensional traits. Along with this, his male characters too had a chief trait of disguising themselves especially sexual disguise. â€Å"While some aspects of the disguise are common to all the plays in which it appears, its dramatic function is shaped by the particular design of each play; and the differences are fully as important as the similarities in understanding the complexity of the device in Shakespeare’s hands. † (Hayles, 63) Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ is a play on the concept of kinghood. King Lear has all the qualities in him to be considered as a king, but when he is old, he brings destruction on himself, on people who are close to him and on his own country. It is a play that removes the veils that cover the true nature and character of human beings. People who look simple, religious minded and innocent are in true nature culprit and villain. It happens in the world where there is greed, hypocrisy, and flattering and where the king is always cautious to even seek advice from his most trusted man Kent. We could see the traits of disguise within the context of the first two acts only where the King’s two daughters Regan and Goneril use flattery as a disguise hiding their true feelings, and indulging in conspiring to occupy the land.

hero :: essays research papers

Heroes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If I had to identify someone as a hero, I would have to say that my personal hero would have to be Will Taubin, aka â€Å"Ratboy.† Will Taubin is a freestyle BMXer, like myself. We used to ride together until he moved to California two years ago. Will Taubin has taught me the three most important things in my life. The first thing that he taught me is to set a goal and never give up until you have achieved it. The second thing that he taught me is â€Å"You can if you think you can.† The third thing that he taught me is â€Å"You only get out what you put into something.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Will’s goal since about age 10 was to become sponsored by a BMX corporation. Nobody believed that he could get a sponsor. He rode his bike everyday and had people film him and sent his tapes to different bike companies in a hope to get sponsored. Three years ago at the 2-Hip Meat the Street Contest, the owner of Standard Bikes asked if he wanted to ride for them. He said yes and he set it was the best thing that ever happened to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second thing that Will taught me is, â€Å"You can if you think you can.† One day we were riding and he did an alley-oop 180 barspin to fakie feeble grind to half cab 180 out on the mini ramp sub-box. No matter how hard I tried, I could not land the halfcab 180 out of the fakie feeble. After about a half-hour of me trying this he rode up to me and said, â€Å"You can if you think you can.† I got back onto the deck of the mini ramp and said, â€Å"I can do this.† I took off and got the first half of the trick pretty good, but on the 180, my front tire slipped out. I tried again and I landed it almost perfectly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third thing that Will taught me is â€Å"You only get out of something what you put into it.† Will told me that when we were talking about biking, but I use that saying on everything I do in my life. For example, I never expect a good grade on a test if I don’t study.

Matt Barrett: Barclay’s CEO Position

Barclays: Matt Barrett’s Journey- Winning Hearts and Minds Barclays was founded in 1690 in London. After 30 years later, Barclays started to expansion its area to the world, and became the first foreign bank to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington D.C. in 1981. Barclays’s global market capitalization rank was fourth in 1980. However, it fallen to 22 in 2000. In October 1999, Matt Barrett accepted the invitation of Barclays’s CEO position, and started to work on his challenge. At that time, the situation of the Barclays is that institutional investors were unhappy, employees were demoralized, and the front-line and senior executives had lost confidence. Barrett soon discovered an excessive cost problem of Barclays and realized that the bank needed a shift in culture and mind-set, a new strategic direction, a structural overhaul, and an improved communications policy. Barrett had worked on changing the mind-set and culture of Barclays, and he believed that a more fact-based, value- growth orientation to running Barclays was essential. At first six month, Barrett started to build the foundation. Barrett met approximately 10,000 employees during the initial three month. At the same time, Barrett developed his own vision for the bank- earn, invest, and grow. He planned to reduce cost by  £1 billion for saving money from cost. Six months after Barrett became CEO, Barrett committed the goals were to apply equally to him to management, and everyone in the organization. Barrett started to change the top management. For example, Barrett appointed people to take position, which was a significant change on the ExCo and using young talent to the ExCo. Barrett started to think about group strategy. In addition, Barrett and the ExCo decided to work with Marakon to set about looking at all businesses and activities from a value perspective, identifying where value was being created and where it was being destroyed. Under Barnett’s leadership, and with the help of Marakon’s systematic, fact-based approach, the ExCo developed a long-term strategic.

Employment Law Essay

After viewing the Tutorial, completing the reading, and reviewing the Lecture notes in conjunction with the TCO, answer the following questions relating to ADA expanded by the ADAAA. If such a situation occurred in your workplace and you were the director of human resources: You are Role/Assignment: 1. Would you deem Karina disabled under the ADAAA? If so, what reasonable accommodations would you offer to her? Karina has a medical condition requiring her to take steroids and other medications. This condition led to Karina gaining weight and not able to wear two uniform items, the stockings and heels. These conditions affect her back, circulatory system, and endurance level. Additionally, according to her doctor, Karina must stop wearing the stockings and heels because of her condition. Based on this information, Karina does qualify as â€Å"disabled† even if she does not display symptoms that interfere with her ability to perform her duties. By taking medication, Karina is mitigating (reducing) the effects of her illness. However, her employer cannot consider this information in determining if she has a protected disability under the ADAAA. Karina and her employer should agree on an acceptable resolution that will meet her medical requirements, easily identify her as an employee, and ensure she presents a professional appearance. To accommodate Karina reasonably, the employer could offer her the opportunity to wear lower heeled (or flat) shoes without stockings. Another alternative would be to allow her to wear pants and flat shoes or black tennis shoes. 2. From an ADA policy standpoint, what would your ideal be in terms of an employer ADAAA policy? What would your ideal be as to what the employee (Karina) should be told by the HR department in regards to her rights and obligations pursuant to the ADAAA? From the employer policy perspective, focus on identification of reasonable accommodation requirements under applicable law, application of the legal requirements for this scenario, determinations as to whether reasonable accommodations can be made, and steps that can be taken to make specific accommodations if requested. An ideal ADAAA policy would comply with all federal and state laws concerning individuals with disabilities and respond to government regulations and guidance issued by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Additionally, the policy will not discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities concerning application procedures, hiring, advancement, discharge, compensation (or benefits), training or other terms, conditions and privileges of employment. Individuals requesting accommodation and can be reasonably accommodated without creating an undue burden or causing a direct threat to workplace safety will be given the same consideration for employment as any other applicant. Candidates that pose a direct threat to the health, safety, and well-being to themselves or others and the threat cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation will not be hired. Electronics Are for You will reasonably accommodate qualified individuals with a disability to ensure they can perform the essential functions of their positions if doing so does not cause a direct threat to these individuals or others in the workplace. Furthermore, Electronics Are For You will not reasonably accommodate an individual if the threat cannot be resolved by reasonable accommodation and/or it creates an undue hardship to the organization. Individuals should contact HR with any questions or requests for accommodation. All employees are required to comply with organization safety standards. Current employees posing a direct threat to the health and/or safety to themselves or others will be placed on appropriate leave until a decision can be made regarding their employment situation. Individuals currently using illegal drugs will not receive coverage under the company ADA/ADAAA policy. The HR department is responsible for implementing this policy, including resolution of reasonable accommodation, safety/direct threat and undue hardship issues. Additionally, during recruiting and hiring phases the organization should devote efforts to assess an individual’s qualifications and if they can provide reasonable accommodation. Review training manuals and employee handbooks concerning disabilities to ensure they comply with ADAAA regulations. Under EEOC policy, employers may require employees to wear certain articles of clothing to protect themselves and coworkers (e.g., construction workers are required to wear certain headgear to prevent injury; health care workers wear gloves to prevent transmission of disease from or to patients). On other occasions, employers may impose dress codes to identify themselves more easily to customers or to portray a certain image (e.g., a store requires all sales associates to dress in black). This same policy may also prohibit employees from wearing certain items to promote a certain image (e.g., prohibitions on wearing jeans). If the employee cannot meet the dress code due to disability, the employer may still require compliance if the dress code is job-related and consistent with business necessity. An employer may also require an employee with a disability meet dress standards required by federal law. If an individual with a disability cannot comply with a dress code mandated by federal law, even with a reasonable accommodation, he will not be considered â€Å"qualified.† Electronics Are For You requires their female employees to wear miniskirts, heels, stockings, and sleeveless shirts. Unfortunately, Karina has an illness that makes wearing stockings and heels medically impossible. She is requesting reasonable accommodation based on her doctors diagnosis. Karina and her supervisor should discuss the situation and both come up with a solution to accommodate her needs and properly portray the company’s image. This could include allowing her to wear lower heeled shoes and no stocking, or dress pants and black tennis shoes.

Sumner, Wilson, Reagan, and Obama

Sumner, Wilson, Reagan, and Obama Apart from the constitution, one important area where several leaders differ is in the area of the role of government to its citizenry. In this regard, opinions have been divided from those on the extreme ends of the divide to those treading the middle ground. William Graham is one such voice who believed that the government is bad for the freedom of the American citizens.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Sumner, Wilson, Reagan, and Obama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A contrary opinion was given by Woodrow Wilson who did not just believe in the nobility of a government but demonstrated through creation of strong institutions that indeed the government has a role to play in chatting forward the citizen’s agenda. In this work, I take the view that while government has at time proven to be the very burden, the citizens need to be protected from, when run in line with the constitution and with a seri es of critical checks and balances, the government can be a masterful servant of the people (Dolbeare and Cummings, 2010). The American history is rich on philosophies and thoughts on modes of governance. The past is an embodiment of several differing points of view concerning governance and other related policy issues. It is indeed a study in intrigues looking at the great minds that determined the American thought process. In essence, America has a great constitution almost paralleled by none all over the world. It must truly be the emergence of these different opinions that informed the cautious, yet generous give and take that characterized the constitutionalism process. This is indeed was the view shared by our fore fathers and the great founders of our nation as envisaged in the constitution. The truth is that the founders of our great nation did not liberate us to leave the citizens to the whims of the raging winds of developing ideas. Much as our collective responsibility an d personal responsibility has been the pillars of our great state. We remain great because of a sense of unity. There is no other means of uniting American citizens more than under one national flag. It is the evidence of the philosophy of democracy as a government of the people by the people for the people (Dolbeare and Cummings, 2010).Advertising Looking for critical writing on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is our action as a united government that has enabled America to stand firm during and after periods of great challenges and peril. In the face of a growing threat from the Soviet Union and the worst depression America has ever had, it was the rallying of the American people through the brave acts of the federal government that President Reagan achieved a turnaround of the economy. In 2013, in Obama’s second inauguration, the circumstances were almost as similar as those of the early 1980 s. His appeal to the American citizens to rise up and reclaim their place in the world has contributed to the positive signs of recovery currently being witnessed (Obama, 2013). Even though William Graham had been vehement in his tearing into the idea of democracy and equality among the American citizenry, his appeal does not make sense in the face of the very foundations of the constitution. If we have to revert the ideals embodied in the American constitution, then we must agree that the people may not always be right but we must protect that individual right to be different on a foundation of equality. It is important though that a government must be able to take care of its citizens. In the absence of strong controls, governments have a tendency to be plutocratic and such a stance may erode the very benefits governments are supposed to protect (Dolbeare and Cummings, 2010). References Dolbeare, K.M., Cummings, M. S. (2010). American Political Thought (6th ed.). Washington, D.C. : CQ Press. Obama, B. (2013). Second Inaugural Address. Retrieved from https://www.bartleby.com/124/pres69.html

Dealing With Divorce Through Humor

Dealing With Divorce Through Humor Divorce is not funny business. Its hard to laugh when two people are fighting over money, property, and kids. However, divorce is  gaining social acceptance in many parts of the world.  Humor helps to alleviate the pain of separation, and sarcasm brings out your witty side. So, if you feel like being nasty, it is better to release your nastiness through sarcastic quotes  than by snapping at your friends and family. If you are going through a difficult divorce, you may want to lighten up. Make room for humor in your heart, however bitter you feel right now.  Find ways to vent your disappointment. Rant  out loud with friends. If you are seething with anger, let off some steam with these funny divorce quotes. A sense of humor may be your best friend during this difficult time. Divorce Quotes Lewis GrizzardInstead of getting married again, Im just going to find a woman I dont like and give her a house. Oscar WildeDivorces are made in heaven. Dave BarryToday, it is easier to get divorced in most states than to get a transmission repaired properly. Garry TrudeauIn Palm Springs, they think homelessness is caused by bad divorce lawyers. John Kenneth GalbraithThe happiest time of anyones life is just after the first divorce. Zsa Zsa GaborHe taught me housekeeping; when I divorce I keep the house. Woody AllenThe only time my wife and I had a simultaneous orgasm was when the judge signed the divorce papers. I should have known something was wrong with my first wife. When I brought her home to meet my parents, they approved of her. Mary Kay BlakelyDivorce is the psychological equivalent of a triple coronary bypass. After such a monumental assault on the heart, it takes years to amend all the habits and attitudes that led up to it.   J. B. HandelsmanJust another of our many disagreements. He wants a no-fault divorce, whereas I would prefer to have the bastard crucified. Jimmy FallonA 99-year-old man is filing for divorce from his 96-year-old wife, making them the worlds oldest divorced couple. Its got to be weird when a divorce lawyer is fighting for your kids to get custody of you.A new study found that women gain more weight after marriage, but men gain more weight after a divorce. Yeah, the divorce usually takes place after men point out that women gained more weight after marriage. Groucho MarxMarriage is the chief cause of divorce. Jean KerrBeing divorced is like being hit by a Mack truck.  If you live through it, you start looking very carefully to the right and to the left. Johnny CarsonThe difference between a divorce and a legal separation is that a legal separation gives a husband time to hide his money. Wendy LiebmanMy mother always said dont marry for money, divorce for money. Robin WilliamsAh, yes, divorce... from the Latin word meaning to rip out a mans genitals through his wallet. Helen RowlandLove, the quest; marriage, the conquest; divorce, the inquest. Dave BarryYou should be prepared for anything during divorce proceedings- even the truth. James CaanTo get over my divorce, I got a prescription to live at the Playboy Mansion for a while. Ruth GordonIn our family, we dont divorce our men- we bury them.   Mike TysonYou cant stay married in a situation where you are afraid to go to sleep in case your wife might cut your throat. Bette DavisI’d marry again if I found a man who had $15 million and would sign over half of it to me before the marriage and guarantee he’d be dead in a year. Lenny ClarkeI can’t get divorced because I’m a Catholic. Catholics don’t get divorced. They stay together through anger and hatred and festering misery, just like God intended. Mickey RooneyA lot of people have asked me how short I am. Since my last divorce, I think Im about $100,000 short. Evan EsarSome women get divorces on the grounds of incompatibility; others, on just the first two syllables. Many a woman would get a divorce if she could do it without making her husband happy. Tommy ManvilleShe cried- and the judge wiped her tears with my checkbook. Louis C.K.Divorce is always good news. I know that sounds weird, but its true because no good marriage has ever ended in divorce. That would be sad. If two people were married and they just had a great thing and then they got divorced, that would be really sad. But that has happened zero times. Chelsea PerettiMy parents divorced when I was one year old so I don’t really remember any of the details, but luckily, my mom does so she’s been really helpful. John CleeseI got off lightly. Think what I’d have had to pay Alyce if she had contributed anything to the relationship- such as children or a conversation. Russell BrandWhen youre a monk, youre not allowed to have sex with anyone. When youre married, its one person. Thats one more than a monk. Its not that different.

Communication Tool and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Tool and Report - Essay Example I chose to create the communication message board because patients who cannot talk often find it very difficult to be understood. The nursing staffs often find it challenging to understand what the patients who cannot talk really want. Therefore, the communication message board â€Å"talk† for the people who cannot talk (b-independent, 2014). This method of communication is relevant to the nursing field because communication with the patients is a vital component of the profession. The nurse and patient can create mutual understanding through communication. However, some people may not verbally communicate due to illnesses like stroke, neurodegenerative diseases or tubes inserted in their throats to clear passageways. These people can still communicate using non verbal communication such as communication boards. The communication tool designed is accessible inwards particularly those comprised of people who are experiencing difficulties in talking. The nurse on duty can easily get it from a specific position within the ward. This communication tool is necessary because it helps to make the job of the nurse quite easy as well as to help the patient who cannot talk express themselves. Signs are very important in such a scenario since the nurse and the patients can be in a position to mutually understand each other. The nurse can be in a position to understand the needs of the patients which helps to reduce negative impacts such as frustration on their behalf when dealing with restless patients. If I were to re do the task, I think I would try to device an electronic gadget that is comprised of all letters of the alphabet such that the patient can type what he or she wants. Based on the presumption that many people can read and write, I would try to create a device that makes it possible for the patients to create sentences about what they may require at a particular time. The advantage of this is related to precision. The

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) Essay

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) - Essay Example Further those are classified as tangible or intangible assets. Use of fixed assets is written off to profit and loss account as depreciation. Liabilities are of two types, namely current liabilities and non- current liabilities. Liabilities whose obligation to pay arise within a period of twelve months or in a business cycle are called current liabilities. These are classified in balance sheet on liabilities side as ‘current liabilities’ and also include the current obligations (arising within 12 months) of long term liabilities. It may also be shown as deduction from current assets in order to calculate net current assets. Long term liabilities or non- current liabilities are those are due to be paid beyond a period of twelve months or a business cycle. These are shown separately than current liabilities on liability side of balance sheet. Expenses: Expenses generally result from increases in liabilities or decreases in assets. For example rent for use of business premises increases the current liabilities and thus results in expenses. Expenses are deducted from total revenue or income in an income statement or profit and loss account in order to compute profits or losses during an accounting period. Expenses may be revenue expenditure or non- revenue expenditure Revenue expenses are used to compute profits or losses of the business. Non- revenue expenses are generally added to assets in respect of which those are incurred. Sale: Sale of goods takes place on transfer of ownership to the buyer and receipt of value or claim to the sales value of such goods. Sales are recognized as revenue from regular business of entity. The goods dealt in are those in the regular course of business of the entity. Sale is treated as revenue or income in the profit and loss account for purpose of calculation of profit or loss earned during the accounting period. Sales that are

Currently Ethical Issue in Business Research Paper

Currently Ethical Issue in Business - Research Paper Example This has mainly emanated from the absence of transparency, consistency; accountability, coupled with institutional weaknesses within judicial and legislative systems have been a primary cause of corruption within companies. The paper explores ethical challenges associated with corruption and bribery in business. Business ethics has overtime attracted significant interest partly owing to the perception of crude capital tendencies, which elevate the making of profits relative to ethical making of such profits. The realization of corporate goals and objectives necessitates that business managers design relevant policies and strategies, which enable them to attain the set objectives and cope with the overriding business environment. Nevertheless, some of the corporate policies may offend ethical sensibilities (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). Background Corruption is a complex phenomenon covering a wide range of and its origin lies deep within political and bureaucratic institutions. Although, t he costs of corruption may differ and systemic corruption may be accompanied by sound economic performance, studies on corruption demonstrates that corruption is bad for development. Bribery represents one of the core tools of corruption and can be employed by businesses as a mode of â€Å"buying† things availed by governments or other entities such as contracts, government incentives, lower taxes, legal outcomes, and licenses (Myint, 2000). Ordinary business practices when abused can be construed as corrupt payments. Bribery and corruption in companies limits competition, corrupts the society, and damages innovation. In most cases, â€Å"corrupt† and â€Å"illicit† can be employed interchangeably, which implies that corrupt behavior contravenes a principle of legality; nevertheless, not all illegal behavior is corrupt and not all corrupt behavior can be deemed as illegal (Kochan & Goodyear, 2011). Transparency International differentiates forms of corruption by motive, whereby corruption behaviors injurious to the firm can be labeled as dysfunctional corruption while that beneficial to the firm can be labeled as functional corruption (Myint, 2000). Such a distinction is relevant when discussing international business and corruption given that some acts such as bribes and kickbacks may enable the firm to operate profitably, especially in the short-term (Loughman & Sibery, 2012). Discussion The World Bank estimates that close to 0.5% of GDP is lost via corruption each year. Bribery is mode common form of corruption, which creates a leeway where organized crime can flourish, corroding of trust in institutions, and undermining the rule of and democratic practices. Corruption can be highlighted as endemic within emerging economies causing chaos in economic development. In recent years, there has been a surge in high-profile cases of corporate corruption and bribery, which have given rise to colossal fines for companies engaged in corruption su rpassing $ 1 billion and increasing diplomatic tensions between countries. In response to increasing incidences on corruption, the U.S. Justice Department has increased prosecutions of alleged acts of foreign bribery by U.S. corporations. For instance, in 2009, over 120 companies were under investigation representing a stark contrast from what was happening in the previous years. Recent trends toward vibrant enforcement of

Effects Domestic Violence Has On Old People Social Work Essay

Effects Domestic Violence Has On Old People Social Work Essay Introduction Domestic violence Domestic abuse as earlier discussed is a form of abuse which is leveled against members of a family or people who have an intimate relationship. There are different forms of domestic violence and these include emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, economic deprivation or intimidation. Very few cases of domestic abuse are reported due to fear of reprisal from the perpetrator. This makes it difficult to ascertain the exact number of victims of domestic abuse. However, in the US, 10% or 32 million people are affected by domestic abuse. Phases of domestic violence There are three major faces of domestic violence and these are the honeymoon, tension building and acting-out phases. The honeymoon phase is the first phase and the perpetrator of violence apologizes and gives affection after committing a violent act. She or he feels sad and remorseful after committing violence. The next stage is the tension building stage and in this stage, the victims begin building fear and have tension whenever the batterer becomes angry. There is poor communication and victims try to calm perpetrators down in order to avoid confrontations which may turn violent. The third stage is the acting out phase and in this stage, the perpetrator hardly feels remorse for violent acts. The batterer becomes abusive and violent, in attempts to dominate over the victim. Violence against the elderly There has been an increase in cases of violence against the elderly. The abuse of the elderly has grown into a criminal justice and public health concern due to increase in cases. The elderly are seen as vulnerable and weak, and this makes them easy targets for perpetrators of elderly violence. Various forms of elderly violence will be discussed and these include physical abuse, economic abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. It is important to note that a few cases of elderly abuse take place unintentionally, and are usually as a result of attempts to protect the elderly people. In such cases, the elderly may be forced to join homes or relieve themselves of responsibilities which other members of society view as too difficult to them. They may be forced to delegate leadership in companies or political systems due to the perception that they are too old to effectively perform their duties. This may leave them feeling depressed, isolated and demoralized (Cohn et. al., 2002). However , most of the cases of elderly abuse are done intentionally in order to have dominance over the perceived weaker age group. Causes of domestic and elderly abuse There are different theories which explain reasons which drive people to commit these types of violence. Some of them will be discussed below; Psychological theory Psychological disorders account for the largest proportion of domestic violence cases. In fact, more than 81% of cases of domestic violence are linked to psychological disorders especially the psychopathology disorders (Dutton, 2006). Psychopathology disorders affect the mental and personality behaviors of victims. People with this disorder exhibit poor impulse control, bursts of anger and low self esteem. People with psychopathology disorders are likely to project their anger at people around them, and these are family members, spouses and the elderly. This leads to domestic and elderly abuse in the long run if people with these disorders do not seek treatment. Social theory There are different social theories which explain domestic violence. These theories explain that socialization and the environment may influence a person to commit domestic abuse. For instance, social learning is seen to be one of the factors which lead to abuse. Social learning involves imitation of actions of people around us. If a family experiences domestic abuse, children who are raised in such a family may commit abuse in future since they view it as normal in family settings (Shipway, 2004). Stress is also another factor which may lead to commission of domestic violence. When a person has stress, she or he may project their anger at those around them. Spouses, children, the elderly and other family members may suffer from domestic violence if stressed people project their anger on them. Resource and dependency theories These theories explain reasons which make women susceptible to domestic abuse stay in abusive marriages. They explain that in cases where the wife or husband is dependent on the other spouse for economic well-being, it is difficult for them to leave abusive marriages. Victims are unable to leave since they believe that they cannot survive without the assistance of the other spouse. This is especially seen in relationships where one spouse has greater power than the other. This makes it possible for him or her to manipulate the other partner into living with domestic abuse. Power and control Many abusive relationships occur after one partner or family member attempts to dominate over the other. Spouses, especially men, use violence as a means of dominating over the other partner. Such dominance may arise out of low self esteem, childhood experiences, insecurity, and stress, resentment towards women or men amongst other causes. Spouses who are bullied accept themselves as victims and the cycle of violence continues, until it is broken by separation, divorce or rehabilitation. This is also seen amongst the elderly, and some people abuse them as a means of control and dominance over them. Forms of domestic and elderly abuse Physical abuse This is a form of abuse where the perpetrator physically assaults or intimidates her or his victim. It may involve actions such as punching, striking, pulling, slapping, pushing, exposure to heat or cold, head-butting, strangling, kicking, whipping and others. These acts are performed to cause pain, intimidation or injury to the victim. Both domestic abuse and elderly abuse feature physical abuse since in both cases, the victims are perceived to be powerless by the perpetrators, and this allows them to physically dominate over them. Emotional abuse According to Johnson (2005), this abuse is meant to calculatingly injure the emotions of the victim. It includes humiliating victims publicly or privately, withholding information, controlling the victim, blackmail, isolation from family and friends or verbal abuse. This form of abuse may be difficult to detect and victims may realize that their partners dominate over them or control them only through the intervention of third parties. Victims who undergo emotional abuse may suffer from eating disorders, drug abuse or may attempt suicide. Emotional abuse is common in both domestic and in cases of elderly abuse. Economic abuse In this form of abuse, the perpetrator withholds resources or money from the victim in attempts to control their actions. Usually, the perpetrator has control over the resources and money, and withholding it is meant to force the victim to perform what the perpetrator wants in order to have access to the resources. This form of abuse is common in families where one spouse is economically dependent on the other. It is also common in cases where the elderly are dependent on their children or other people economically. The person who holds the resources deliberately manipulates victims into performing what she or he wants in order for them to have access to these resources. This creates dominance over them. Sexual abuse This is a form of abuse in which a person is forced to engage in sexual acts against their consent. This includes rape, degrading sexual activities and unsafe or unwanted sexual activities. Sexual abuse is more common in domestic violence than in cases of elderly violence although the latter has become common over the years. This form of abuse, just like physical abuse, is meant to dominate over the victim. How to prevent domestic and elderly abuse There are various steps which should be taken to reduce cases of domestic abuse and abuse against the elderly. These will be briefly discussed below; Legislation Legislation is a very effective deterrent to crime. Harsh sentences deter potential perpetrators of crime and reduce crime levels. Since domestic violence and violence against the elderly is a crime, harsh legislation should act as a deterrent to crime. Lawmakers should pass laws which give long prison sentences to people convicted of all forms of violence (Neil John, 2000). This will reduce the overall violence crime levels. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation can effectively treat people who have mental disorders which make them commit violence. Rehabilitation can also make a person who commits violent acts against others realize the harmful impacts to victims, and stop the vice (Hamel Nicholls, 2007). People who practice any form of abuse should be advised to seek counseling or rehabilitation aimed at encouraging them to change their attitude towards violence. This will enable them to be accepted back into society and to live with other members of society in harmony. Social services Governments should offer social services free of charge to victims of domestic and elderly abuse. According to Wilcox (2006), these services should include legal, medical, psychological and financial services which will ensure that they recover from the abuse and that the perpetrator is arrested and charged with the offence. The government should ensure that these victims reside in a safe place free from any form of violence. Public awareness campaigns This is among the most effective tools of fighting violence in society. The government and civil society should organize campaigns which are aimed at increasing awareness on domestic violence and violence against the elderly. These campaigns should encourage people to report such cases to law enforcement agencies. The campaigns should also provide potential victims with information about where they can access help in case they experience these forms of violence.

rose for emily Essay -- essays research papers

Almost everyone laments how the world has changed since they were young, how everything is now faster, more complicated, and less friendly. In William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," Miss Emily sees the world change in many different ways, and yet stays the same. In her case, the world she grew up in literally is gone, and she does not posses the skills to change along with it. She is a woman lost in time, with no real place among society, especially not a society who places her on a pedestal, enabling her many questionable actions. The factors of her life and the stigmas placed upon her due to those factors yield to her no choice but the actions which she chose. Miss Emily's generation grew up in a time when women were expected to get married, have children, and take care of the house. For someone of her status, this would have been the epitome of her adult life. She would be the mistress of a household, leading a life of entertaining and quiet leadership. Miss Emily, however, never married. Her father had never accepted her suitors, meeting them at the door "clutching a horsewhip." He selfishly kept her single all those years, which must have caused immense embarrassment to a woman from her era, whose whole life should have led up to her marriage. She seldom left her house after her father died, further mystifying herself to the town who watched her life from behind their lace curtains. The Civil War came and went, and Miss Emily still lived in that same house "set on what had once been [the] most select street," "lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps." Miss Emily had once belonged to the most select class, and still stubbornly maintained the image, even though she and her entire town knew the truth to be otherwise. She remained a stubborn product of her times, keeping a manservant who most likely had been with her since he had been a slave, and had stayed out of loyalty to her. She continually refused progress, not allowing them to "fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it" when the town finally got postal service. Time continued ticking on, and yet Miss Emily refused to acknowledge it. She firmly entrenched herself in denial when her father died, telling the townspeople... ...onument to her town even though they believe that "she was [a] fallen" woman. "She held her head high enough†¦it was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity." All her life she had been denied happiness, and now she has found it. Unfortunately, this love was doomed to fail. There are too many traditions, customs, and prejudices engrained in Emily, her town, her family, and her love. Homer will not marry her. However, she has finally found love and happiness, and Miss Emily is above the law. So she poisons Homer Barron and keeps him in a room upstairs. She sleeps with him every night, his body arranged in the "attitude of an embrace," clinging to the idea of a "marriage" that she never had. She is a sad, lonely woman, and if she cannot have this one last chance at happiness, then she will keep it by force. Throughout her life the town she lived in has been her "enabler," allowing her to continue in her unhealthy habits; Emily has no reason to think that what she has done is wrong. She is simply preserving what is rightfully hers; she is holding on to some semblance of happiness that has always been denied her.

Promote Active Support Essay

The hotel model is staff doing things for the service users and then become observers in their own lives. This is where things are done without any actual consent from the individual and planned more around the convenience of the staff one example being if a staff member makes a service user wait for medication to ease pain or discomfort but make them wait until it is medication time. This is a form of institutional abuse as the hotel model revolves around everything being done for the service user resulting them in losing their day to day skills and the ability to help care for themselves. Active support includes involving the service users into supporting staff to plan fr the care that they require on a day to day basis meaning that they are involved in decisions being made about them. Person-centred care is the key to active support as each individual is thought of in a holistic way regardless of their past, holistic needs, physical needs and their families are always considered. This means that service users are encouraged to become involved within activities that take place both within and outside of the home that promote and maintain their independence. In the best interest of the service users staff should provide a non-institutional setting to ensure that the home complies with the Essential Standards of Quality and Safety against what it will be judged on and inspected by when CQC (Care Quality Commission). CQC will consider whether a home is institutional in nature. 1.2 To effectively promote an individual’s independence, members of staff should both encourage and support all service users to take part in as many social and cultural activities as well as joining in with community activities. Independence can promote a service users self determination, the respect they have and receive as well as equal opportunities. This includes individuals who may be living with one or more long term conditions but have the right to decide what support they feel that they require and from whom. It is simple to promote an individual’s independence y making environments easy to maintain and comfortable to be in. Communication boards showing information that can be understood by service users using pictures and bright colors. This can help to promote quality of life as they can begin to enjoy life in a easy manner within a happy environment. Simple decision making like choosing what to wear, what activity they would like to do or what they would like to eat promotes independence. If each member of staff develop a clear understanding about each service user by spending time with them and getting to know them by knowing what their needs are, their like and dislikes, how they are able to communicate etc will promote this effectively.

NFL Concussions and Their Long-Term Effects Essay

On May 2, 2012, the National Football League lost one of its elite players to suicide: Junior Seau. Seau played for the Chargers, Dolphins, and the Patriots during his professional football career and was a 12-time Pro Bowler before retiring in 2009. Three years after his retirement however, Seau committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest with a gun. This greatly shocked the football world and its image of Junior Seau as a person, but it soon realized the cause for his action. Shortly after Seau’s death, researchers examined Seau’s brain and found that it contained a disease known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy which is formed by repeated blows to the head; a very common disease among former football players (Football Brains). The Seau family then filed a lawsuit against the NFL claiming that the league held back information from the players about the danger of continuous blows to the head (Seau’s Death on Brain Injuries). Since the formation of the National Football League in 1920, the popularity of the sport has grown tremendously over the years. It seems nowadays that more and more people are getting interested in the NFL, whether it is talking about their favorite team at work or at school or watching them play on game day. However, on the flip side of all the amazing catches and touchdowns, there is a dark side to the NFL known as the concussion problem. This problem has grown so much over the years that there have been more than 4200 lawsuits by former and current players against the NFL stating that the NFL has been trying to cover up the detrimental long term effects of concussions and also relied on NFL doctors to feed them the information they wanted to hear while rejecting the studies done by researches showing the long term effects concussions have on the brain (Junior Seau’s Death Keeps Spotlight on Brain Injuries). In order for the NFL to keep thriving the way it is right now, the league had to reject the information shown by researchers which showed the harmful effects of concussions in the long run and instead had to hire their â€Å"own† doctors to say that concussions are minor and cause no detrimental long run effects. I believe that repetitive concussions do cause  health problems in the future for NFL players and that the NFL covered up the truth about concussions. Being that I watch the NFL regularly, it seems like it is almost guaranteed that at least one or more players will experience a concussion during the game with all the physical contact taking place. Some of the concussions these players experience are obvious in that they are motionless on the ground and some are not so obvious in that they are still able to make it to the bench. According to Jennifer Car of BrainFacts.org, a concussion is caused when the head is struck violently which then leads to a brief disruption in brain activity. When the head is struck suddenly, the brain is set in motion and bangs the skull’s rough and ragged inside which causes the brain cells to stretch and sometimes even split (Mild Brain Injury and Concussion). Michael Collins, a clinical psychologist at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center who specializes in sports-related concussions, states that â€Å"a concussion is basically an energy crisis to the brain cells† and he also states that â€Å"the brain has to work much harder to perform tasks† (Hard Knocks: The Science of Concussions). This disruption can cause an individual to experience a variety of different symptoms in the following minutes and hours. The range of symptoms includes the following: nausea, vomiting, brief loss of consciousness, and dizziness (Hard Knocks: The Science of Concussions). Later symptoms include: lightheadedness, depression, anxiety, ringing in the ears, constant migraine headaches, and poor concentration or attention (Mild Brain Injury and Concussion). The symptoms mentioned in the previous paragraph may last a couple days to a few weeks; at most a few months. Those who experience these types of symptoms usually receive a concussion maybe once or twice in their lifetimes. However, those professional athletes competing in sports with a good deal of physical contact are in harm’s way of experiencing multiple concussions during their career as an athlete. According to recent research, scientists have discovered a neurodegenerative disease also known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE (Hard Knocks: The Science of Concussions). This disease was found in the brains of former athletes who have died mainly boxers and football players (What is CTE?). These athletes were those who  have received continuous concussions or played in positions where they were vulnerable to experience a good amount of physical impact (Hard Knocks: The Science of Concussions). The repeated banging of the brain against the skull causes a gradual d egeneration of the brain tissue, and also the forming of an unusual protein known as tau (What is CTE?). These activities in the brain can take place months or even years after the last concussion or retirement from the sport. Some of the symptoms associated with CTE include: memory loss, confusion, depression, aggression, hindered judgment, and dementia (What is CTE?). There is definitely evidence of the symptoms of CTE among former NFL players. There are many examples of former NFL players who have suffered from CTE and have killed themselves and/or those around them including the Junior Seau suicide event that was mentioned in the opening paragraph. The first example is John Grimsley, who was a former Houston Oilers linebacker. Grimsley shot himself by accident while he was cleaning his gun one day (Football Brains). The former NFL player was a skilled outdoorsman and should have easily performed the task of cleaning his gun. A second example is Justin Strzelczyk, who was a former offensive lineman for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Strzelczyk was involved in a high-speed hit-and-run chase with the police which turned into a fiery crash where he eventually died (Football Brains). Another example is former Canadian professional wrestler Chris Benoit who murdered his wife and child and then took his own life (Football Brains). The final example is Tom McHale, who was a former Tampa Bay Buccaneer. He died at the age of 45 from a drug overdose (Football Brains). All the brains of these former professional athletes were taken for study and all their brains were found to contain the brain disease CTE in them (Football Brains). Another study was done on the affects of repeated concussions causing CTE by Ann McKee. According to Ann McKee, who is a neuropathologist at Bedford VA Medical Center, â€Å"brains of patients with CTE have unique patterns of abnormal protein tangles and cell loss† (Hard Knocks: The Science of Concussions). Her study analyzed the brains of former athletes and war veterans who have experienced multiple brain injuries. McKee’s research showed that out of the 85 brains she has studied, 68 of the brains contained the brain disease CTE (Hard Knocks: The Science of  Concussions). There is extensive research still being done by scientists in the area of CTE and if there is a con nection between repeated blows to the head and the formation of CTE in the brain. In fact the National Football League has decided to donate $30 million to the National Institutes of Health’s Neurology Institute to help further studies on concussions among football players and military troops (NFL Donates $30 Million To Concussion Research). More and more research and evidence on concussions is being brought to the fore front, as well as the numerous tragedies that occurred among former NFL players stemming from repeated concussions. Because of this, the NFL league and the NFL Mild Traumatic Brain Injury committee secretly decided to â€Å"cover up† and put down all the extensive studies and findings that have been recently popping up by scientists outside the NFL. In the PBS TV documentary League of Denial, the NFL is portrayed as a greedy money-driven industry that would do anything to keep the league from falling apart, even to the extent of withholding information from players about the long-term consequences from repeated blows to the head. In this film, the spotlight is cast on Dr. Bennett Omalu who was the first scientist to discover CTE (â€Å"NFL Concussion Cover-up†). His findings of CTE came from the brains of former Pittsburgh Steeler Mike Webster and his teammate Terry Long. Dr. Omalu’s findings were tremendously influential because it was the spark for the connection between repetitive blows to the head and CTE. However, as Dr. Omalu began publishing his findings about CTE in the brains of Webster and Long, the NFL soon noticed his findings and took action. Dr. Omalu recalled a conversion he had with a NFL doctor in which the NFL doctor said, â€Å"Dr. Omalu, do you know the consequences of what you are doing? If 10 percent of mothers in America started to view football as a dangerous sport, it would be the end of football† (â€Å"NFL Concussion Cover-up†). This obviously shows that NFL doctors realize that the findings between multiple concussions and CTE are true, but they are reluctant to admit to it because they are afraid that the NFL will dissolve into nothing if the â€Å"truth† is discovered. The NFL realized that the league was in jeopardy so they decided to publicly denounce the findings of Dr. Omalu by saying that his work was flawed. However, this was not the only attempt that the NFL made it trying to put  down the findings from scientists on the connection between repetitive concussions and CTE. In a 2007 meeting with the NFL’s Mild Traumatic Brain Injury committee, Julian Bailes who is the to p neurosurgeon at the Northshore Neurological Institute, displayed several pictures of CTE that was almost certainly caused by frequent concussions. However, the chairman of the committee downplayed all the evidence that was shown to them by Julian Bailes even though the evidence was pretty clear. The Commissioner of the NFL, Roger Goodell, decided that it was best for the league to conduct its own study about concussions. He released the following statements regarding the evidence being shown to the league by â€Å"outside† doctors and researchers, â€Å"You have to look at their entire medical history. To look at something that is isolated without looking at their entire medical history I think is irresponsible† (NFL Covering Up Research?). From just this one instance, we can definitely see that the NFL is trying its best to ignore the â€Å"clear-cut† evidence about the connection between repetitive concussions and CTE. It seems as though the Commissioner and the head of the NFL Brain Injury committee realize that the information and the research that was showed to them was true so they had to make sure it did not leak out to the players and also to the media.

Computer Of My Dream

Computer Of My Dream Computer of my dream First, I need a motherboard because it's like the backbone of the system, without a good motherboard it won't be able to support the CPU, the brain of the system, very well. I choose a Pentium 4 motherboard because I want to keep myself up to date and the ASAU brand is a popular one. Then I chose a Pentium 4 CPU for its speed, also because Intel is a well-known brand. I chose an expensive RAM product, made by HP, because I want top notch quality for the RAM as it is very important in a computer. For video card I chose a Voodoo 5500 PCI as it is recommended by many sites. For sound card I will just buy a cheap one because I don't think it's going to make a big difference in the sound quality. I am going to buy a hard drive with 60 gigabytes because I like to install a lot of software and download a lot of songs.The information technology sector was a significan...

Etiology of Anti-Social Behaviour essays

Etiology of Anti-Social Behaviour essays Society must accept responsibility to control anti-social behaviour among adolescents, in order to limit youth violence. Four theories of child anti-social behaviour are neoclassical, biological, psychological, and the economic/ sociological theory (Hoge s delinquency; of which the two most encompassing factors are environmental and biological. Environmental factors are a widely accepted hypothesis concerning juvenile crime and violence. Parental failure, poverty, TV, and location of upbringing are a few recognized instigators of delinquency; however, recent studies have hypothesized the significance heritability and genetics have on a childs response to his/her environment. Research provides support that biological and environmentally based anti-social behaviour may be overcome through social and educational programs aimed at high risk individuals, leaving deterrents and medical treatments as a last resort. Despite hesitation from many professionals, genetic acknowledgment will provide the missing piece of information concerning human nature and tendencies. Longitudinal studies show males born with a sluggish version of the gene for monoamine oxidase A, or MAOA, tended to have a higher level of aggression and anti-social behaviour. The MAOA gene is situated on the X chromosome, and is responsible for imbalance in neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine (Bower, 2002). A longitudinal study from New Zealand followed 442 males from age three to eleven. By age eleven 36% of the boys had been mentally, physically, or sexually abused. Although the only 12 % of the abused boys possessed the low-activity MAOA gene, 85%of these boys developed anti-social behaviour. In contrast, boys who inherited a highly active MAOA gene may promote trauma resistance (Bower, 2002). Twin and adopti...

What Is a Crustacean - Information on Crustaceans

What Is a Crustacean - Information on Crustaceans Question: What Is a Crustacean? Crustaceans are animals in the Phylum Arthropoda and Subphylum Crustacea. The word crustacean comes from the Latin word crusta, which means shell. Answer: Crustaceans are a very diverse group of invertebrate animals which includes active animals such as the crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill, copepods, amphipods and more sessile creatures like barnacles. Characteristics of Crustaceans All crustaceans have: A hard, but flexible exoskeleton or shellTwo pairs of antennaeA pair of mandibles (which are appendages used for eating)Two pairs of maxillae on their heads (additional mouth parts located after the mandibles)Two compound eyes, often on stalksSegmented bodies with appendages on each body segmentGills Crustaceans are animals in the Phylum Arthropoda, and Subphylum Crustacea. Classes, or broad groups of crustaceans, include the Branchiopoda (branchiopods), Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimp), Malacostraca (the class that is probably most important to humans, and includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimps), Maxillopoda (which includes copepods and barnacles), Ostracoda (seed shrimp), Remipedia (remipedes, and Pentastomida (tongue worms). Crustaceans are diverse in form and live around the world in a variety of habitats - even on land. Marine crustaceans live anywhere from shallow intertidal areas to the deep sea. Crustaceans and Humans Crustaceans are some of the most important marine life to humans - crabs, lobsters and shrimp are widely fished and consumed around the world. They may also be used in other ways - crustaceans like land hermit crabs may also be used as pets, and marine crustaceans may be used in aquariums. In addition, crustaceans are very important to other marine life, with krill, shrimp, crabs and other crustaceans serving as prey for marine animals such as whales, pinnipeds, and fish.